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    Practice Points: The new International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of seizures and epilepsies for neonates underscores that the diagnosis of seizures in the neonate relies on an EEG correlate. Stereotyped clinical events without an associated ictal rhythm on EEG are no longer to be treated or diagnosed as neonatal seizures. Neonates with […]

Practice Points:  Fluid and electrolytes management should be individualized to patients’ needs. Initial fluid intake of 60–70 ml/kg/d on the first day of life may be considered for infants with NE. Systemic restriction of fluids and sodium should be avoided. Individualizing the approach based on daily monitoring of fluid and electrolytes at least through the

Practice Points:  During TH: Achieve peripheral oxygen saturation with the least possible fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) Minimize ventilation settings if intubated to avoid hypocapnia Heat inspired gas to 37 ◦C and ensure 100% relative humidity Interpret blood gas values corrected for the actual temperature of the infant May use mild sedation to overcome any

Practice Points:  Neonatal transition is dependent on aeration of the lungs. Neonatal resuscitation programs are based on evidence-based recommendations from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation and adapted for regional differences. Bag-mask ventilation is the critical, life-saving skill of neonatal resuscitation. Beyond initial trainings, optimizing resuscitation can be accomplished through regular simulation practice and continuous

Practice Points:  Placental pathologies are a frequent finding in the context of NE A combination of acute and chronic placental lesions are more likely to be seen in NE Defined histopathological criteria using the 2016 Amsterdam consensus document should be used whenever the placenta is assessed Efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia may be influenced by antenatal

Practice Points:  Neonatal encephalopathy due to a hypoxic ischemic event is commonly associated with cardiac dysfunction and acute pulmonary hypertension Therapeutic hypothermia and rewarming modify loading conditions and blood flow and careful adjustment of inotropic agents is recommended. Delineating the physiology during therapeutic hypothermia clinically is difficult Comprehensive, quantitative echocardiography can assist with delineating pulmonary

Practice Points: The rates of birth asphyxia are the lowest in developed countries. Access to prenatal care and the social determinants of health are the most important factors related to birth asphyxia. The pregnancy-related risk factors for birth asphyxia are common and generally not informative as to which foetuses are likely to be affected at

Practice points • Review family history of neurological disorders and consanguinity, previous babies with perinatal/neonatal death, neonatal encephalopathy and neurodevelopmental conditions including cerebral palsy and autism • For term and near-term neonates requiring NICU admission, submit placentas for examination. Follow up results, request expert consultation if in question. • Review maternal antenatal and perinatal records including maternal medical

By: Mohamed El-Dib, MD In preparation for the Combined Newborn Brain Society and Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Grand Rounds titled “Neuroimaging in the Preterm Infant: Where Are We in 2020?”, we sent a survey to explore current practices regarding neuroimaging in preterm infants in 2020. The survey was sent to 2761