1.     Introduction

2.     Principles and historical overview

3.     Differences between NIRS devices

4.     Impact of device and sensor variations

5.     Data capture and integration in neonatal NIRS monitoring

6.     Somatic monitoring

a.   Renal

b.   Mesenteric

7.     NIRS in congenital heart disease

8.     Cerebrovascular autoregulation

9.     Multimodality monitoring

10.   Strengths and limitations

11.    Clinical applications

a.   Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

i.   Term newborn with dynamic progression of encephalopathy

ii.   Cerebral tissue oxygenation during therapeutic hypothermia

b.   Preterm infant

i.    Intraventricular hemorrhage in a preterm neonate

ii.   Management of hypotension

c.   Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus

d.   Neonatal seizures

e.   Congenital heart disease

i.    Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome with mitral stenosis and aortic atresia

ii.   Preterm infant with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

iii.   Complex congenital heart disease

iv.   Autoregulation in neonates with congenital heart disease

f.   Vein of Galen Malformation

g.   Supraventricular tachycardia

i.    Refractory supraventricular tachycardia in Ebstein anomaly

ii.   Supraventricular tachycardia

h.   Septic Shock

i.    Ventilatory instability

j.    Anemia

i.    Gastrointestinal bleed and anemia

ii.   Pulmonary hemorrhage and anemia

iii.  Anemia of prematurity

k.   Apnea and bradycardia

l.    Patent ductus arteriosus

m.  Surgical conditions

i.    Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and decisions regarding use of extracorporeal life support

ii.   Term infant with prenatally diagnosed gastroschisis

iii.  Necrotizing enterocolitis in a preterm neonate

iv.  The role of NIRS in predicting the course of necrotizing enterocolitis

n.   Extracorporeal life support

i. Congenital diaphragmic hernia and hypertensive crisis on extracorporeal life support

ii. Extracorporeal life support and NIRS monitoring

iii. A term infant with meconium aspiration syndrome on extracorporeal life support

o.   Transition after birth

p.   Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

q.   Other uses of NIRS in the NICU

12.    Conclusion

13.    Examples of institutional NIRS protocols

14.    NIRS References